Modulator pheromones influence neuropsychological parameters. They are also important for mate selection. Signaler pheromones are mainly social chemosignals: they provide information on the hierarchy and the animal’s place in it, and on the type of food recently consumed by other animals and thus the nearby availability of food. But what about olfactory stimuli? While most people would agree that unpleasant smells can be strong inhibitory signals (in the Bancroft sense), it is unclear whether olfactory cues can act as excitatory sexual input. Auditory stimuli, if less evident (eg, lounge music?), may equally act as sexual cues. While tactile interaction outside a one-to-one relationship is frowned upon, no one in our image-obsessed world doubts the role of visual stimuli in the sexual response. In their model, tactile stimuli give excitatory (or inhibitory) input to the spinal cord, thereby mediating the genital arousal response. developed the dual-control (excitation/inhibition) model of the sexual response and emphasized its neurophysiologic substrate (Bancroft et al., 2009). In Basson’s model, emotional intimacy with a partner may render women sexually aroused through specific stimuli, of which physical contact (the tactile sense) is pre-eminent (Basson, 2001). The senses play a pivotal role in the sexual response of women. In conclusion, some data indicate that 16-androstene pheromones, in particular androstadienone, play a beneficial role in women’s mood, focus and sexual response, and perhaps also in mate selection. Preliminary evidence suggests that exposure to androstadienone in women promotes attractiveness ratings of potential mates. Pheromones may also play a role in mate selection which is “disassortative” regarding the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-genotype. However, these effects were dependent on the context of the experiment, for example, on the presence of a male attendant. Indeed, some studies showed a beneficial effect of androstadienone on sexual desire and arousal. A positive mood is known to facilitate women’s sexual response, and increased focus improves sexual satisfaction. Upper-lip application of a pharmacological dose of androstadienonein women results in improved mood and heightened focus - particularly to capture emotional information. One of these steroidal compounds, androstadienone, is present at much higher concentrations in male sweat and can be detected by women, albeit with wide variation in sensitivity. Pheromones may be present in all bodily secretions but most attention has been geared toward axillary sweat which contains the odorous 16-androstenes.
Yet pheromones can be detected by the olfactory system although humans under develop and underrate their smelling sense. Many examples exist in animals but their role in humans remains uncertain since adults have no functioning vomeronasal organ, which processes pheromone signals in animals. Pheromones are substances which are secreted to the outside by an individual and received by a second individual of the same species.
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